The Mucosal Systems Role In Immunity

In previous posts regarding the antibody theory of innoculation being misleading (some may even consider erroneous); the follow up topic for discussion was a must: the mucosal system and it's role in conferring humoral immunity, as the direct injection of the pathogen into the bloodstream, a completely unnatural portal for infectious disease conference, is vaccine sciences' second biggest blunder.

For education and edification on the mucosal system and mucosal IgA in particular:
What is Mucosal Secretory IgA and how is it important?

*"All vaccines, with the exception of the OPV (oral polio vaccine), are injected directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the mucosal immune system known as the secretory IgA. The secretory IgA is the first in a series of defensive levels within the immune system. It serves as a buffer, filtering microbes so that the impact of these invading organisms is greatly reduced once it reaches the bloodstream. The IgA allows the antigen to be removed in the same manner in which it arrived- through the mucosal barrier- by sneezing, coughing and sweating. So a vaccine that has been injected gives the body no warning, no chance to recognize, duplicate or defend itself against future challenge from typical antigens."

-Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, How to Raise a Healthy Child in Spite of Your Doctor; Ballantine Books

*The Humoral Immune Response (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity which involves T lymphocytes) produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes (such as viruses or bacteria), which flags them for destruction.Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody playing a critical role in mucosal immunity.

More IgA is produced in mucosal linings than all other types of antibody combined. Because it is resistant to degradation by enzymes, secretory IgA can survive in harsh environments such as the digestive and respiratory tracts, to provide protection against microbes that multiply in body
secretions.

-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immunity

*What the promoters of vaccination failed to realize is that the respiratory tract of ALL mammals (since animals are just as devastated by these inoculations with disease as are humans) contain secretory IgA (an antibody which initiates the natural God given immune response) within the respiratory tract mucosa. Bypassing this mucosal aspect of the immune system by directly injecting organisms into the bloodstream leads to a corruption in the immune system itself. As a result, the pathogenic viruses or bacteria cannot be eliminated by the immune system and remain in the body, where they will further grow and/or mutate as the individual is exposed to ever more antigens and toxins in the environment which continue to assault the immune system.

Inoculations - By Rebecca Carley, M.D. 01-29-2005 Court Qualified Expert in VIDS and Legal Abuse Syndrome

*SIgA serves as the first line of defense against microorganisms through a mechanism called immune exclusion. In terms of humoral immunity at mucosal surfaces, SIgA appears thus to combine properties of a neutralizing agent (immune exclusion) and of a mucosal immunopotentiator inducing effector immune responses in a noninflammatory context favorable to preserve local homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract.

In humans, mucosal surfaces of the gut, the airways, the urogenital tracts, and the ducts of all exocrine glands are lined by epithelial layers that form tight barriers separating a rapidly changing external environment from a highly regulated internal compartment. Due to the vast surface they cover, these vulnerable cellular barriers are the most frequent portals of entry for microorganisms and exogenous materials. Mucosal surfaces are endowed with powerful defense mechanisms, which selectively process harmful or innocuous Ags to guarantee local homeostasis.

The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 178: 27-32.Roundtrip Ticket for Secretory IgA: Role in Mucosal Homeostasis?1 Blaise Corthésy2

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If systemic (injected) vaccinations were so effective at providing immunity, modern allopathic medicine would not be scrambling for a mucosal alternative. Here are some examples of the search for a mucosal alternative to current vaccine implementations:

Marian R. Neutra1,2 & Pamela A. Kozlowski1 Mucosal vaccines: the promise and the challenge Nature Reviews Immunology 6, 148-158 (February 2006)

Author affiliations
1. GI Cell Biology Research Laboratory, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
2. Children's Hospital, Enders 720, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Mucosal vaccination has several advantages over parenteral vaccination, including the induction of an immune response at the site of administration. Furthermore, immunization at one mucosal site can induce specific responses at distant sites, providing protective mucosal immunity. In addition to local responses against mucosally-acquired pathogens, mucosal vaccines induce systemic immunity, including humoral and cell-mediated responses. The administration of mucosal vaccines does not require the use of needles, increasing vaccine compliance, reducing logistical burden, and minimizing the risks of blood transmissible infections.

Yuki, Yoshikazu; Kiyono, Hiroshi Mucosal vaccines: novel advances in technology and delivery; Expert Review of Vaccines, Volume 8, Number 8, August 2009 , pp. 1083-1097(15)

http://www.scq.ubc.ca/mucosal-immunity-and-vaccines/
(extremely interesting and informative article on mucosal immunity!)

http://www.grandchallenges.org/ImproveVaccines/Challenges/NeedleFreeDelivery/Pages/targetedtechnology.aspx
University of California, Riverside, Dr. David Lo

http://www.socmucimm.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=65

Plenary Session: Progress in Mucosal Vaccines
Chair: Ken Beagley, PhD, Queensland University of Technology•
Mucosal Adjuvants for Vaccines, Nils Lycke, MD, PhD, University of Goteberg•
IgG and Mucosal Immunity, John B. Robbins, MD, National Institutes of Health•
Rotaviral Vaccination, Harry Greenberg, MD, Stanford University•
Protection Against HIV in the Urogenital Tract, Robin J. Shattock, MD, University of London- St. George’s•
Rice-based Vaccines: New Generation of Mucosal Vaccine, Hiroshi Kiyono, DDS, PhD, University of Tokyo

(The NIH and Stanford included giving lectures on the emerging field of mucosal vaccination).
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"Capable of inducing antigen-specific immune responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments without the use of syringe and needle, mucosal vaccination is considered ideal for the global control of infectious diseases."

http://www.pnas.org/content/104/26/10986.abstract

Jiri Mestecky; Perspectives on Mucosal Vaccines: Is Mucosal Tolerance a Barrier?; The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 179, 5633 -5638

http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/handouts/feb23.pdf

Why Mucosal Immunization?
• Mucosal surface is major portal of entry for pathogens
• Mucosa contains highest concentration of lymphocytes
6 x 1010 antibody-forming cells in mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue (MALT)
versus
2.5 x 1010 lymphocytes in lymphoid organs
• Mucosal immunization
- mucosal immunity
- systemic immunity
- prevents infection
Systemic immunization:
- no mucosal immunity
- resolves infection before disease develops

An example given by this Harvard PhD on the benefits of mucosl vaccination for pertussis in comparison to injected: Bordetella pertussis
Parenteral Vaccination
Humans
Immunity diminishes in early adulthood
Only IgG is detected in nasal secretions
Mice
Only IgG is detected in respiratory tract

Natural Infection/ Mucosal Vaccination
Humans
Natural infection = longterm immunity
High titers of specific IgG and IgA in nasal secretions
Mice
Mucosal vaccination generates specific IgG and IgA in respiratory tract

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Authors personal contestations to the development of mucosal vaccinations:

The admittance and pursuing of an alternative to systemic vaccinations is a huge step forward for the movement of vaccine awareness! I am certainly not one to shy away from that. However, the OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine), a mucosal vaccination, has been banned in the western hemisphere and many other parts of the world because it causes provocation poliomyelitis (has in fact caused a large number of cases of Paralytic Polio in India and Africa where it is still being used... because it's too dangerous for us but not for the pharma companies to sell or give away to starving children in developing countries). There are also the flu mist vaccines which go through the nasal mucosal portals, yet carry a risk of neurological disease and alzheimers (among other things), a much greater risk than the risk of the flu itself. So as far as the safety factor is concerned, mucosal vaccines may not be much of an improvement, if any. In terms of effectiveness, however, I remain optimistic and open minded about what mucosal vaccinations may potentially accomplish.

An additional thought is that the concept of stopping children from getting mild and innocuous childhood illnesses that build the immune system in place of supporting nutrition and Vitamin D supplementation is not something I like to support. The theory that perfectly healthy children need drugs and chemicals in their bodies is absolute nonsense, especially when the concept of "they must risking getting such and such frightening diseases so they won't get this other frightening disease" comes into play.

It's a fantastic thing that we are learning more about the complexities of the human immune systems and the role they play in our health; but let's not use it as an excuse to encourage our patients to leave parental responsibility (nutrition, exercise, etc) on the byway because we want to take the lazy road and just inject them with something instead. As any physician knows there is no "automatic" attainment of good health and a strong immune system, the maintaining and developing of such is something that must become a part of our daily lives and rituals.